Read Barker Page 150 - 153:

1. What are the typical characteristics of the Inner City?

2. UK Inner Cities have suffered decline. Explain why there has been a movement of employment away from inner cities.

3. Describe the changes to the population characteristics of the inner city.

4. Describe the changes to the physical environment of the inner city.

5. How has inner city decline resulted created political problems?

5 Note that urban decline is not only in the inner city - see page 153.

Approaches to Regeneration:

1. Property Led Regeneration - e.g. The London Docklands.

2. Gentrification

3. Partnership Schemes

Partnership schemes:

combining private and public investment to regenerate key sites using flagship and landmark buildings as 'kick-starts'

City Challenge Partnerships are an example of Partnership Schemes. They represented a major switch of the funding mechanisms towards competitive bidding. By 1993 over 30 City Challenge Partnerships had been established. By 1997 over 40 000 homes improved, 53 000 jobs created, 2 000 ha of derelict land reclaimed and 3 000 new business established...

Our case study of a Partnership Scheme: Hulme City Challenge Partnership

Hulme, Manchester (map) is an example of the government's City Challenge initiative. How Hulme used to look

Read BARKER page 156-8.

1. Why was regeneration needed? WATCH this - Hulme Crescents. - describe the problems with the housing developments of the 1960s

2. Classify this information about the Hulme City Challenge Partnership to help you EVALUATE the approach to regeneration:

(copy it into a Word Doc and think positive/negative/env/econ/social)

3000 new homes built - low rise flats and two-storey houses
Cul-de-sacs were rejected for a more traditional pattern of housing with streets and squares
New housing - a mixture of council-owned and private to provide existing residents and encourage outsiders to buy into the area.
new shopping areas and a new Asda supermarket
improved transport links into the city centre
A number of agencies were involved including the Guinness Trust. They worked closely with residents and Manchester City Council
600 homes were built for rent.
new community facilities such as the Zion Arts Community Centre
'Design for Real' open days were held with weekly design meetings that involved local residents
50 hectares of land had been reclaimed
A strong community feel by building a mix of housing, businesses, shops and community spaces
Hulme Park was created to provide outdoor green space for residents
former deck-access flats of the Crescent demolished
Crime in the area greatly reduced
A greater social-mix of residents
Over 40 000 houses improved - Hulme began to attract wealth residents and workers as Manchester Science Park nearby and the attraction of being near the city centre.
University Students choose to live in some of the student-focused residential developments
Student properties are not always well maintained and students do not always have consideration for the local people.
New jobs in the Science Park require graduate skills and many workers commute to it.
53000 jobs created in construction and new business opportunities
Unemployment fell from 32% to 6% in 2010
House prices have risen and private housing is now unaffordable for local people on low incomes
A business park was built at Birley Fields attracting companies such as Colgate Ltd.
47% increase in social housing
The historic past has been preserved e.g. Deansgate Locks and the Cultural links to the Music Industry e.g. the home of Factory Recorts on Royce Crescent

3. Write a CONCLUSION - make sure you compare this approach to Property Led Projects (The London Docklands) and Gentrification.

If you have time take a look ...

A lot of info in this document - but flick through to see how the community were involved in the designing of new housing projects

Read Manchester city Council's document Hulme 10 years on to evaluate the success of the scheme

The Zion Centre

URBAN DECLINE and Regeneration